Differences between the swedish and english school systems Essays

Contrasts between the swedish and english educational systems Essays Contrasts between the swedish and english educational systems Essay Contrasts between the swedish and english educational systems Essay Contrasts between the Swedish and English educational systems BY observe Comparison Swedish and Great Britain educational system The educational system Sweden has, is ordered low as indicated by a worldwide overview which incorporates 40 nations. As the Great British educational system is expanding in rank, the Swedish one is diminishing in rank. Why would that be? In this investigation, I will clarify why, by for the most part taking a gander at the pay frameworks in every nation. Swedish educational system. The preschool (typically 1-5 years of age) in Sweden delivers as long as 5 years of age kids. The preschool isn't compulsory, however it is an incredible route for the guardians to procure how much time they need to spend on their childrens schoolwork and furthermore to get an image about how simple or hard their youngster can learn. The later preschool (regularly 6 years of age) is willful I Sweden. Each youngster in Sweden will be offered a spot in a preschool class. Elementary school is compulsory for all kids somewhere in the range of 7 and 16 years of age. It has the numbers, class 1-9. The school start is adaptable in that manner that your age can shift between 6-8. After Primary school, you are not required to go to Secondary school. You can decide to stop school when youve completed the primary school, yet you will be approached to go o the auxiliary school, two to four years, it is known as the Gymnasium. At the point when you finish auxiliary school you can decide to go to college. The normal compensation for an educator is around 30. 000 SEEK for each month. The Swedish educational system is positioned number 21/40. The best 3 colleges in Sweden are positioned number 42, 82, and 106 Great British educational system Primary training in Great Britain begins at age 5 and proceeds until age 1, containing key stages one and two under the I-J instructive framework. From age 11 to 16, understudies will enter auxiliary school Primary and auxiliary instruction is obligatory in Great Britain; after age 16, training is discretionary. When an understudy completes auxiliary instruction they have the alternative to stretch out into further training to take their A-Levels and so forth. Incredible British understudies intending to set off for college or college must finish further training. Most global understudies will enter legitimately into the Great British advanced education framework, in the wake of finishing their nation of origin proportionate to the Great British further instruction. The passage prerequisites, each degree of training in Great Britain has changing necessities which must be fulfilled so as to pick up section at that level http://www. Instructive. Net/pay rates UK. HTML Sub. SE/Pages/Classifiers. Asps? Id=259066 http://mass. VT. SE/Oldenburg/2012/11/27/sevens-kilometers-21 an I-overlade/Education. Gob. UK/get-into-instructing/pay. Asps 20. 000 SEEK/month, experienced instructors, 46700 SEEK/month. Extraordinary British educational system is positioned number 6/40. The three best colleges are positioned number, 2, 3 and 8 Comparison Both the Swedish and the British educational systems comprises of five levels, with various names. The large cont rast is that in Great Britain, it is obligatory to go to class from he age five until you turn 16. That is an eleven years of instruction. Contrasted with Sweden where its compulsory to go to class from the age of 7 to 16. That is a sum of 9 years of training. One could ask; - is that enough? - Well, on the off chance that you start by taking a gander at realities, the Swedish educational system is positioned number 21 on the planet, while the British educational system is positioned number 6. All in all, there must be something that Great Britains are doing to accomplish a superior school positioning, however what may that be? I imagine that the two years longer you go to in school with respect to the British framework hugy affects your score just as on the presentation. Be that as it may, I accept there is something else entirely to it, why the Great British schools are superior to the Swedish ones. I think it has do to with the adequacy just as the severity of the schools. Another other hypothesis is that the Swedish educators are to UN-inspired in light of the moderately lower pay framework. The compensation for educators in Sweden relies upon which level you instruct. On the off chance that you instruct in the optional school, you would show signs of improvement pay than an instructor in the preschool. Be that as it may, what amount benefit might you be able to take by educating in optional school rather than reechoes? In the event that you are a Swedish educator your compensation would change Just a bit (roughly 9%) contingent upon what training you have and in which subject you instruct in, yet paying little mind to how great you perform(at least not observable). In the I-J, the instructor compensation framework is isolated into 9 distinct levels, Mainly to 133. It is a 80% contrast between the compensation you get at Main 1 and U 3. New educators frequently start at the base of the compensation levels, otherwise called the MI . Every year, educators on the fundamental compensation scale move to the following purpose of the scale, as long as they perform great outcomes. Contingent upon how they proceed as an instructor they could even progress by two stages in the compensation scale. Http://www. Instructive. Net/salaries_UK. HTML Conclusion When I glance back at my correlation I accept that the Great British educational system is more grounded, where you have a superior possibility of accomplishing great scores. That is on the grounds that the instructors gets increasingly propelled when they realize that they can rank up as an educator just as showing signs of improvement pay. It turns out to be increasingly similar to an opposition Who is the best educator? . Yet, I dont imagine that all the educators are accomplishing their work to take benefit, for all the days off they get as an instructor. There are various individuals who work for various reasons as should be obvious. In any case, why remove the opportunity to procure more cash for the individuals who work for cash? In the event that you consolidate a solid compensation framework like the Great British one, with an extraordinary educational system like both Sweden and Great Britain has, you get more individuals keen on turning into an educator since you meet everyones wills. In any case, I think you merit a superior compensation on the off chance that you make a superior Showing than the remainder of the instructors. I think this is one of the principle reasons why the Great British educational system is preferable positioned over the Swedish one.

Applied Statistics for Finance and Economics Project report Coursework

Applied Statistics for Finance and Economics Project report - Coursework Example Since in this information we are centered around 2002 to 2006 we see that the occasional and the cyclic segment are available. We take a period plot of the profits information of home furnishers to research if the information display pattern for this situation. From the above pattern we can see that there is direct pattern in the profits of the home furnishers. To wipe out pattern to make the profits information fixed, we take the differencing of slack 1 and watch the advancement the remaining parts. The time plot of the profits likewise shows that the arrival information display pattern. Along these lines from the above examination of the profits and return squared, the profits can be anticipated and has an extremely high prescient force while the arrival squared has low prescient force. Comprehensively, a period arrangement is supposed to be fixed if there is no deliberate change in the mean (no pattern). In the event that there is deliberate change in difference and is carefully intermittent varieties (regular and cyclic part) are evacuated. A large portion of likelihood hypothesis of time arrangement examination is worried about fixed time arrangement and hence time arrangement investigation expects one to change a non-fixed time arrangement to a fixed time arrangement examination to utilize it. In this investigation we plot the factors and test their fixed utilizing a specific variety of unit root test-the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. We then distinction the time arrangement of come back to make the arrangement fixed. In the wake of differencing the arrival information we can see that the information is fixed. This can be unmistakably found in the time arrangement plot of the differenced information at slack. The plot of differenced information of profits beneath shows that the information is fixed subsequent to differencing it once. The pair exchanging is a typical thing in the exchanging market. Writing on pair exchanging, showcase productivity and return unpredictability conduct is bounty for a created securities exchange. The examination includes pair exchanging utilizing the

Look For Sample Essays for Writing A Students Essay

Look For Sample Essays for Writing A Student's EssaySome students would like to start by writing their very own essays for grad school. Though most high school students will learn to write a lot of essays, it can still be quite a daunting task for students when they are asked to write an essay for grad school. Most people are quite afraid to take on such a challenging assignment.The situation is even more difficult for students who have no idea where to begin in terms of how to start with their essay and what kind of essay to begin with. What they usually end up doing is choosing the wrong kinds of essays, or that they just choose the one that seems to be easier or looks more impressive.Such frustrations are precisely why it is so important for students to study up on sample essays that can help them understand and select the right kind of essay for graduate school. Though the topics and material can vary from course to course, it is still a good idea to look at some of the samples t hat are available. Also, if you need any help or assistance, then you can always turn to a writing class that can give you the support you need.In case you want to write a student's essay, it would be best if you could browse through sample essays and get ideas for your own college writing sample. You should keep in mind that just because your topic is on human sexuality does not mean that it will automatically be safe. So, a good idea would be to look for the sample essay with different topics that do not necessarily have sexual content.There are also websites that you can consult if you do not feel comfortable asking someone for sample essays. Even though you can look at these samples online, sometimes it will be better to have someone do it for you since you may have the rough draft of your essay already. That way, you will not have to worry about your writing skills.Of course, since essay writing is a big challenge, you should also be prepared for the fact that there is no guara ntee that you can write the best essay. It is okay if you make mistakes since it is part of the process. In any case, you can always improve your writing skills by reading some articles or reading some other essays that can help you develop your skills.Moreover, if you want to write a student's essay about certain subject matter, then you can choose to look for sample essays that will be helpful for you. Since the subject is likely to be related to the course or topic of your study, there is a good chance that you will come across a lot of topics to write about. So, it is a good idea to make a list of the topics you will be tackling.With this list, you will be able to narrow down the subjects that you will be writing about. The other thing that you will need to consider is the theme of your paper since it will have a big impact on the topic you choose to tackle. Though the topic might seem simple to you, it is important to take your time to think things over so that you will not end up forgetting a big part of your topic and will not be confused on what to write about.

An Analysis Of Daniel Dennett s Consciousness - 1821 Words

Introduction As our scientific paradigm has shifted towards a materialist account of the world, many thinkers believe that appeals to the supernatural cannot provide truth. Consequently, beliefs that had once been considered adequate must now be reworked if not torn down entirely to fit this new world view. Daniel Dennett’s book Consciousness Explained attempts to provide an account of our internal experience (i.e. Consciousness) that is rooted in the materialist world view. Though he is not the first to undertake this project, he takes issue with what he perceives to be the popular materialist account of consciousness, and seeks promote his own theory. With this essay I aim to offer an informative summary of the book followed by an evaluative dialogue of its central claims. Dismissal of Dualism Before introducing his theory Dennett offers a brief dismissal of Dualism. Dualism is the belief that there exists along with the body an immaterial soul. Depending on the variation of Dualism, the soul either contributes to or produces what we perceive to be conscious experience. Dennett takes issue with this view through inspection of the body’s interaction with the soul. He argues that the soul being an immaterial entity shouldn’t have any causal relationship with the material body. The aforementioned argument is grounded in empirical observation. As far as we know there isn’t any evidence of unobservable material thing having causal interaction with the material world.Show MoreRelatedReview Of Dennett s Quining Qualia 1562 Words   |  7 PagesDennett’s â€Å"Quining Qualia† Daniel Dennett looks to quine qualia, or completely disprove their existence, in â€Å"Quining Qualia.† He is successful in creating a theoretical framework by which many intuitive arguments for qualia can be struck down. Because of his success, an argument from introspection is difficult to make; Dennett seems to successfully refute many of the arguments given by intuition or folk psychology. I will adopt Eugene Park’s criticism in critiquing Dennett, showing that an argumentRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesreconciling the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the possibility of obtaining fixed and certain knowledge about it; questions about things which cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers, elements, universals, and gods; the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument; the nature of the good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it; the explication of the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems[8]. In this period

How Relationship Marketing Impacts Consumer Buying...

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The Main Selling Point Of Marriage Essay - 1549 Words

Since ancient times ,marriage has been a way of life. Throughout the centuries, men used marriage as a token of peace to stop or prevent wars as well as the only viable option for women to prosper and survive in a male dominated society. Currently, it is no longer necessary for women to marry for survival and thus the marriage is losing its appeal. Hence, the non-traditional family structures are on a rise which goes against the ingrained teachings of past generations. Therefore, old school politicians, religious leaders are looking for new ways to persuade the public of how important marriage is to keep the ancient ways of life. In their pursuit to save the sacristy of marriage, fail to target the cause of the issues. Namely, the main selling point of marriage is the positive impact it can have on child s social, emotional and academic development. 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Affordability Management and Cost Control †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Affordability Management and Cost Control. Answer: Introduction: I truly agree with the assertions that were put forth by Dale Shermon that Parametrics is indeed a vital approach that can be used in setting up early complex project budgets especially in the non-defense domains. This is attributed to the fact that it can lead to successful implementation of projects especially if desirable budgets are put in place. It is indeed true that the effective application of Parametrics by any organization will not only help it to be in a better position of setting up realistic and viable budgets but it will also help in safeguarding organizational managers who are involved in safeguarding complex projects. However, it is important to note that there are different definitions of complexity as articulated by Dale Shermon and the definition of wickedness as articulated by Ms Lynelle Brigs is also quite different. According to Dale Shermon (Shermon, 2009), complex projects normally involve engineering, software, hardware, service and information technology that are known to suffer from two major problems normally failure by the project sponsors to effectively specify projects and the project managers acts of trying to wrestle with unpredicted schedule or cost overruns. On the other hand, based on Ms Lynelle Briggs paper about wicked problems titled Tackling Wicked Problems: a Public Policy Perspective, it is quite apparent that wickedness is not described in the context of evil but rather as a crossword puzzle addict or even mathematician could use it and as being an issue which is highly resistant towards resolution (Australian Public Service Commission, 2012). According to Brigs, Wicked problems are usually not only hard to c define clearly but they also have numerous interdependencies that are normally multi-casual. Even though Dale Shermon asserts that complex problems can be resolved, Bri ggs asserts that wicked problems cannot be stable and any attempts that are aimed at addressing them normally results to unforeseen consequences. References Australian Public Service Commission, 2012. Tackling wicked problems: A public policy perspective. Shermon, D., 2009. Systems cost engineering: program affordability management and cost control. Gower Publishing, Ltd.

Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life Essay Example

Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life Essay Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt served as the 26th president of the United States of America. He is usually depicted as the manliest and most masculine of all of the presidents. Roosevelt was also known for his excellent speeches and rhetoric. His rhetoric, when speaking or writing, was fed a majority of the time by his masculinity. On the other hand, his wonderful skill in speech writing was caused by his love of books throughout his life. Due to Theodore Roosevelt’s masculine rhetoric and outstanding literary skills, he effectively persuaded his audience about his support for living a strenuous life. October 27, 1858 marked the day an American hero would be born. Theodore Roosevelt had a rough childhood compared to most children. As a child, he was very sick and frail. With his asthma and weak body, Roosevelt ended up becoming an easy target for bullies. Though, at the age of fourteen, he finally decided to change his life for good. Theodore eventually became very physically fit and learned how to tolerate his asthma by toughening up and building his body. Later, he even participated in 2 collegiate sports that required lots of physical exertion: rowing and boxing (Fehn 53). Roosevelt also learned to enjoy reading and writing at an early age. Roosevelt â€Å"had a ‘compulsion to write,’ and his ‘habit, in moments of joy or sorrow, had always been to reach for a pen, as others might reach for a rosary or a bottle’† (Oseid 138). A day never went by in which Teddy did not read a book. It is estimated that he read over 20,000 books while he was alive . Due to his love for writing and reading, Roosevelt â€Å"was a prolific public speaker† who wrote all of his own speeches and was the most well read of all our presidents (Oseid 141, 127). We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Theodore Roosevelt gave his speech, The Strenuous Life, on April 10, 1899 to the Hamilton Club in Chicago. This speech was given only months after the U.S. senate had signed treaties with Spain con Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life Essay Example Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life Essay Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt served as the 26th president of the United States of America. He is usually depicted as the manliest and most masculine of all of the presidents. Roosevelt was also known for his excellent speeches and rhetoric. His rhetoric, when speaking or writing, was fed a majority of the time by his masculinity. On the other hand, his wonderful skill in speech writing was caused by his love of books throughout his life. Due to Theodore Roosevelt’s masculine rhetoric and outstanding literary skills, he effectively persuaded his audience about his support for living a strenuous life. October 27, 1858 marked the day an American hero would be born. Theodore Roosevelt had a rough childhood compared to most children. As a child, he was very sick and frail. With his asthma and weak body, Roosevelt ended up becoming an easy target for bullies. Though, at the age of fourteen, he finally decided to change his life for good. Theodore eventually became very physically fit and learned how to tolerate his asthma by toughening up and building his body. Later, he even participated in 2 collegiate sports that required lots of physical exertion: rowing and boxing (Fehn 53). Roosevelt also learned to enjoy reading and writing at an early age. Roosevelt â€Å"had a ‘compulsion to write,’ and his ‘habit, in moments of joy or sorrow, had always been to reach for a pen, as others might reach for a rosary or a bottle’† (Oseid 138). A day never went by in which Teddy did not read a book. It is estimated that he read over 20,000 books while he was alive . Due to his love for writing and reading, Roosevelt â€Å"was a prolific public speaker† who wrote all of his own speeches and was the most well read of all our presidents (Oseid 141, 127). We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelts Rhetoric in The Strenuous Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Theodore Roosevelt gave his speech, The Strenuous Life, on April 10, 1899 to the Hamilton Club in Chicago. This speech was given only months after the U.S. senate had signed treaties with Spain con

art reflection Essay

art reflection Essay art reflection Essay My assignment was to get five sketches of an animal of my choice from a magazine onto my sketch book. Then after that I had to get the sketches and show them to Mrs. Premo to get her approval. Once she gave me the okay she gave me tracing paper and I traced the sketches into a collage. After we have done that we go to the light tables to trace once more onto the final project paper. Then we go over that with pen and add the details to the final product. I ended up with at least three of our sketches on the final product in pen with shading and value and perception. Some new knowledge that I learned before starting the project was how to properly use a pen when shading. Mrs. Premo showed us how to use stippling, hatching, and cross hatching. That really helped me during my project because otherwise I would have not known how to shade. One way I planned my project was by drawing sketches in my sketch book and then I chose which drawing I would continue drawing. The media that I used wa s pen because that’s what our unit was about. I use many rough drafts before begging because if not then I would have most likely messed up on the hatching that I did. The first thing that I did to make this project was to first get five sketches of an animal from a magazine onto my sketch book. Then after that I had to get the sketches and show them to Mrs. Premo to get her approval. Once she gave her okay she gave me tracing paper and I traced the sketches into a collage. After I got done with that we go to the light tables to trace once more onto the final project paper. Then we go over that with pen and add the details to the final product. One part of the assignment that was hard was to choose an animal to draw because there was so many but that wasn’t the biggest problem it was trying to get the fur right because I did a cheetah. One thing I would change

Protectionism in the U.S Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Protectionism in the U.S - Term Paper Example A trade barrier is a general expression that illustrates any government policy or regulation that limits international trade, the barriers can take many forms, including: Import duties Import licenses Export licenses Quotas Tariffs Subsidies Tariffs, which are taxes on trade in of supplies into a country or region, are among the oldest forms of government intervention in financial activity. They are implemented for two clear economic purposes. First, they grant revenue for the government. Second, they get better economic returns to firms and suppliers of resources to a domestic industry that faces competition from foreign imports. Tariffs are broadly used to protect domestic producers’ incomes from foreign competition. This fortification comes at an economic cost to domestic consumers who pay higher prices for import challenging goods and to the economy as a whole through the inefficient allocation of resources to the import-competing domestic industry. Therefore, since 1948, when average tariffs on manufactured goods surpass 30 percent in most developed economies, those economies have sought to reduce tariffs on manufactured goods through several rounds of discussions under the General Agreement on Tariffs Trade . â€Å"Non-tariff barriers include "non-science based sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) standards, customs procedures, government monopolies and lack of transparency in regulations†. Some non-tariff trade barriers are mainly acceptable in very partial circumstances when they are measured necessary to keep health, safety, or sanitation. Non-tariff barriers to trade can be: State subsidies, procurement, trading, and ownership. National regulations on health, safety, employment. Product Classification. Quotas. Foreign Exchange: controls and multiplicity. Over elaborate or inadequate infrastructure. 'Buy national' policy. Intellectual property laws (patents and copyrights). Bribery and corruption. Unfair customs procedures.

The role of lay Catholics in the Church according to the teaching of Assignment

The role of lay Catholics in the Church according to the teaching of the Second Vatican Council - Assignment Example Recent measures and initiatives within the Catholic church, particularly those designed in reenergizing Catholicism as a religion amidst modernity and secularization, were those concerning the increase in engagement and involvement of its lay members. This has been the fundamental issue addressed by the Second Vatican Council that took place from 1959 to 1965. The Council was able to draft and issue several documents, which would supposedly turn the tide for Catholicism during this contemporary age. These documents introduced and emphasized the concept of the â€Å"people of God† when its predecessor stressed on the role of the Pope. This move by Church authorities is increasingly seen as an attempt for the organization to be continuously significant amidst several developments that undermine Catholicism across the globe. This paper will specifically examine the role of the laity or the Lumen Gentium as outlined by the Second Vatican Council and how it is expected to develop l ater on. Background It is important to underscore that in the early days of Christianity, the laity has played an important role in the affairs of the church. According to Walsh (2005), the laity was not only consulted on important matters, because they also take part in electing bishops and in choosing priests. (p66) This role was eventually scrapped as the laity came to be merely defined as those that are subjected under the Catholic organization’s authority and representatives of the religion in secular affairs such as in business, politics and so forth. As the Catholic organization became more structured and the system more sophisticated governance and policymaking, and most of the organizational activities, policies and measures were administered by the clergy. By the time the First Vatican Council issued its codes and rules, the â€Å"Catholic action† referred to as the role to be played by the lay people were strictly confined to participation in Church-led init iatives. For instance, Pope Pius X declared that â€Å"the one duty of the multitude is to allow themselves to be led, and like a docile flock, to follow the Pastors.† (Pope 2004, p6) What this means is that while the laity is expected to be proactive, their actions must only be in support of the ordained and that they do not have clear and specific missions of their own, say, in evangelization. With the onset of the modern age, however, the clergy again began to turn to the laity as the Church is forced to deal with dwindling membership and enthusiasm from among its ranks. It addition, it has been struggling with finding its own identity and significance in a period of drastic changes across the world. The premise of the current Catholic attitude is that the Church must be viewed as â€Å"a community of faith where all the baptized bear responsibility for placing their individual gifts at the service of all.† (Gubish, Jenny and McGannon 2001, pii) The pattern of the n ew strategy reflects an attempt at a deeper and more potent evangelization by having the laity live out their lives according to the values and teachings of the Catholic Church. In recent years lay people have taken on great many administrative roles, and although Church law forbids them to have ‘jurisdiction’, such as a role in administration, they are involved in decision-making from parish level upwards which is often pretty indistinguishable from governance. (Walsh, p66) Laity in the Second Vatican Council According to the Second Vatican Council, the role of the laity is extremely important, explaining that: Inserted as they are in the Mystical Body of Christ by baptism and strengthened by the power of the Holy Spirit in confirmation, it is by the Lord himself that they are assigned to the apostolate†¦ The apostolate is lived in faith, hope and charity poured out by the Holy Spirit into the hearts of all members of the Church. (Dajczer 2000, p65) The

A Report On Bios And Cmos Computer Science Essay

A Report On Bios And Cmos Computer Science Essay This is a written assignment where students are required to write a report on BIOS and CMOS. Describe the different types of BIOS and CMOSs and what are the current technologies and models for BIOS and CMOSs. Students can also address what are the possible symptoms for BIOS and CMOSs failures and how to fix them. Plagiarism Detector: http://www.plagiarismdetect.com. All you need to do is paste/upload your document file and hit the analyze button. It will map the document with any available online resources. Students are required to print and attach the outcome in their report (acceptable percentage of similarity: BIOS is the short form of Basic Input Output System program that starts when you turn on your computer. It checks all of your hardware to ensure they all have power and are working. BIOS is actually firmware, the software that is programmed into a ROM (Read-Only Memory) chip on the motherboard of a computer. BIOS is something that makes the system run on an initial Power-On Self-Test of the computer, initialize circuits, load the boot program from the startup disk, and then handle low-level I/O peripheral controllers such as keyboard and screen. It has several different categories; you can see your BIOS by paying attention to the screen when it first starts up, there will be a screen with few seconds duration. The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer (it is often called the BIOS ROM). This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be damaged by disk failures. It also makes it possible for a computer to boot itself. Because RAM is faster than ROM, however, many computer systems design manufacturers so that the BIOS is copied from ROM to RAM each time the computer is started. This is known as shadowing. Many modern PCs have flash BIOS, which means that the BIOS have been recorded on a flash memory chip, which can be updated if necessary. The PC BIOS is fairly standardized, so all PCs are similar at this level (although there are different BIOS versions). Other DOS functions are usually added through software modules. This means you can upgrade to a newer version of DOS without changing the BIOS.PC BIOS that can handle Plug and Play (PnP) are known as PnP BIOS-es, or PnP BIOS current. These BIOS-es are always implemented with flash memory rather than ROM. CMOS Semiconductor complementary metal oxide (CMOS) is a type of semiconductor chip that holds data without requiring external power source. In a personal computer (PC), CMOS has the basic instructions the computer needs to initialize its hardware and start-up. These settings are known as the basic parameters of input-output system (BIOS), also called the CMOS settings. CMOS control a variety of functions, including the Power on Self Test (POST). When the computer power switched on, CMOS will run a series of controls to ensure that the system works properly. One of these controls includes counting memory (RAM). This start-up time delays, so some people disable this feature in the CMOS settings, opting for a quick start. If you install new RAM, it is preferable to activate until the RAM has been verified. Once POST has completed, CMOS runs through its other settings. Hard drives and formats are detected and Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) configurations, the start-up preferences, the presence of peripheral and tweaks for over clocking. Many parameters can be changed manually in the CMOS setup screen to improve performance. However, changes must be made by experienced users. Changing the settings wrong can make the system unstable, causing accidents, or even prevent the computer from starting. The CMOS setup screen is accessed during the POST phase mode, by pressing a button before the operating system boots. Normally it is the Delete key but it could be another. A line of text will indicate which button the user in the CMOS or BIOS setup screen. Changes can be made from an operating system like Microsoft Windows, but must be done in a true DOS session. There is also an option to protect the CMOS settings by requiring a password to change settings. The changes are saved to the output by pressing the F10 key, and then the computer restarts to use the new settings. The system uses what is called a CMOS Checksum error code as a detector. Whenever you change the BIOS settings, the checksum is generated by adding all the bytes in the CMOS memory, then store the lowest byte of the sum. Then, whenever the system is booted, the system recalculates the checksum and compares the stored value. If they are different, the system knows that the CMOS has been corrupted in some way and will notify you via an error, usually something like CMOS Checksum Error. There are many different types of batteries used to power the CMOS, for the most part; they have evolved over time as technology has evolved. These batteries are discussed here. You will not normally deal with the CMOS memory directly; it contains the parameters that you enter the BIOS setup. Over time, it is possible that you have problems CMOS, for example, you may find that the machine can begin to forget its settings when it is started. These are usually signs of problems with the battery on the moth erboard. (Figure-1) (Figure-2) (Figure-3) CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES AND MODELS FOR BIOS AND CMOS BIOS Version 5020 SOX5810J.86A.5020.2010.0224.0938 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ February 24, 2010 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added support for Intels 6-core desktop processor, codenamed Gulftown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed watchdog timer and host clock display issues for XTU2. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue that was causing IFlash and Express BIOS Update to fail on subsequent flash updates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reduced pre-video boot time by about 7 seconds. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added support to check the IOH stepping and if it is a B2 or earlier then set QPI Power Management default setting to disabled and if it is a B3 or later then set the default to enabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed setup option default setting for CPU C-States to be enabled and IMON to be disabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue with watchdog timer when running in the operating system and changing from one processor to another. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed XMP related issues: When an XMP profile was selected the host clock was unchangeable. When selecting Automatic mode the Uncore Multiplier was being set to 22 instead of the proper system default. When selecting Manual mode the minimum supported ratio between Memory Ratio and the Uncore Multiplier will be used based on the processor installed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where the PC Compliance bit was being set incorrectly causing Secondary Boot Request to cause some cards to fail to train correctly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set VT to be enabled by default. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue preventing greater than 160 for the Host Clock. BIOS Version 4598 SOX5810J.86A.4598.2009.1211.1321 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ December 11, 2009 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added XTU 2.0 support. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed F9 default value for TDC, TDP, and Turbo Ratio. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed watchdog timer and host clock display issues for XTU2. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed a setup display issue for 5-Core Ratio Limit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed a display issue with the Turbo Boost Technology in setup when a processor is installed that does not have 4 cores. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Updated processor support. BIOS Version 4405 SOX5810J.86A.4405.2009.1020.1419 About This Release: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ October 20, 2009 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ SATA RAID Option ROM: 8.9.0.1023 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE GE v1.3.24 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ LAN Option ROM: Intel(R) Boot Agent PXE Base Code (PXE-2.1 build 086) New Fixes/Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Updated processor support. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enabled the selection of Video Device according to the Primary Video Adapter setup option. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Expanded the default size of the NVS memory allocation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Blocked the on-board LAN PXE dispatch when on-board LAN is disabled. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where the default video device was not set correctly if two video cards of same vendor and device id was present in system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where certain SATA RAID controller failed to boot according to the boot order. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where system hangs at POST code 0xBA with two SATA optical drives attached and certain media in one drive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fixed issue where certain SATA RAID controller failed to resume from S3. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Added feature to block compressed BMP files from use as a custom logo with Intel ® Integrator Toolkit. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enabled BIOS Setup to always be reset even if iFlash2 is interrupted when /f flag is set. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIOS AND CMOS? Many people use the term BIOS (Basic Input / Output System) and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) interchangeably, but in reality, they are distinct, yet related, components of a computer. The BIOS is a computer program that starts up, and the CMOS is where the BIOS stores the date, time and details of system configuration needed to start the computer. The BIOS is a small program that controls the computer from the time it powers on, until the time the operating system takes over. The BIOS firmware, which means its, cannot store the variable data. CMOS is a type of memory technology, but most people use this term to refer to the chip that stores data variables for booting. A computers BIOS to initialize and control components such as controllers and hard disk drive and the computer hardware clock, but the specific parameters for the startup and initialization of components are stored in CMOS.In addition to the standard CMOS memory used to store system settings, BIOS Plug and Play use a nonvolatile memory upgrade to keep the extended system configuration data (ESCD). It is used to save the configurations of the devices of system resources when Plug and Play is used. Type of BIOS Phoenix IBM AMI Award Type of CMOS Battery Coin Cell Batteries PS2 Computer Clock Battery BIOS AND CMOSS FAILURES AND HOW TO FIX THEM CMOS checksum error mostly will occurs when CMOS values was incorrect. There is few option may occurs the failure as below. Bad or old CMOS battery. BIOS update. Removing power from the computer without shutting down the computer. POST errors. The Solution Bad or old CMOS battery: Try restarting the computer. If the error persists after restarting the computer to enter the CMOS setup and check all values, which include verifying the date and time are correct. Once everything has been checked and / or changed be sure to save and exit the CMOS setup. If everything looks correct and the problem persists try resetting the defaults in CMOS and / or Reset Configuration Data. Additional information on how to proceed can be found on document CH000976. Note: If this problem persists after you turn off your computer off, it is possible that the CMOS battery may be faulty or already ill. Before consider on replacing the CMOS battery to try to leave your computer on for several days. Additional information on replacing the CMOS battery can be found on document CH000239. Computer badly off: If the computer had been disconnected the power while still running it is possible that this may cause the CMOS to be corrupted. Make sure the computer is ready to be cut before turning off the computer. If you have a laptop so that battery is charged before disconnecting the electrical connection. If the CMOS values have been damaged by entering values in the CMOS setup and saving CMOS and the output should solve your problems. Additional information about entering the BIOS setup can be found on document CH000192. BIOS update recently completed: if youve recently released a BIOS update on the computer values stored in the CMOS can be reset. Enter CMOS setup and re-enter all the appropriate values. Additional information about entering the BIOS setup can be found on document CH000192.If you are unable to enter the BIOS or after the execution of a BIOS your computer is no longer values the incorrect BIOS update may have been installed on your computer or the downloaded version may be corrupted. We suggest you try to update the BIOS and / or go back to an earlier version. Additional assistance and information with the BIOS updates can be found on document CH000236. POST error: Each BIOS manufacturer has its own diagnostic codes to identify specific errors. You need to consult the documentation for specifying the BIOS beep codes. Many motherboard manufacturers will use code similar to the original IBM POST codes, which are summarized in the table below. If you get a single beep, all is good. In some cases, these beeps are also accompanied by a diagnostic code; you also look in the BIOS documentation. Beep Code IBM POST Beep Codes Description One short beep Normal POST System is Okay Two short beeps POST error Error code shown on-screen No beep Power supply or system board problem Continuous beep Power supply, system board or keyboard problem Repeating short beeps Power supply or system board problem One long and one short beeps System board problem One long an two short beeps Display adapter problem {MDA,CGA}

the scarlet letter c- :: essays research papers

Since the dawn of man people have been challenged by evil. Whether it was Eve eating and than offering the apple to Adam, or the Caveman murdering his neighbor for personal benefit. Using Nathaniel Hawthorns novel The Scarlet Letter we can see how evil consumes someone’s day to day live even if it is filled with the morals brought fourth upon them by their god. Three of the four main characters in this book were sinners who were faced with evil and chose to suffer, combat, or bargain with it. With good intentions the townspeople also played a role letting evil exist with the intentions of stomping it out. In the 1600’s because of fear from their vengeful god Puritans tried to be moral and just. They chose a life where the 10 commandments was the law of the land and there was no exception. The sixth commandment Thou Shalt Not Commit Adultery was not a rule that people ignored. With the intentions of comforting Hester Prynne’s lonesomeness and grief for her missing husband, Arthur Dimmesdale became passionate. They both shared intimacy knowing the result was not praised in Heaven. She later found that she was pregnant and our novel begins to show a struggle between good and evil. After Hester Prynne’s child was born, she was forced to take her walk of shame out of the prison doors to stand on a Scaffold to be publicly humiliated. The townspeople in the marketplace were astonished that a woman can let her lust overwhelm her into the point of adultery. Harsh statements came out of their mouths. â€Å"`At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead. `Said one of the angry puritans† (1360). The townspeople have good intentions by trying to teach others that Adultery was a sin yet are doing the work of the Dark Man. By mentally crucifying this woman and making her wear the letter they are forming their own lust and vengefulness. While on the Scaffold she looks down to see her missing husband Rodger Chillingworth and he is horrified and ashamed. It is hard to forgive and Chillingworth mentally vows revenge to the one who impregnated his wife. He later tells her not to let his identity to be known. Even in chapter four The Interview it is hard for us to see the path of evil he is about to follow.

Critical Analysis of the Methodology Used by Barba-Briosco et al. in Their Study of Pollutants in the Huelva Estuary, Spain

Introduction This paper provides a critical analysis of the methodology used by Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) in their study about water pollution from multiple sources in the Huelva Estuary, Spain. It discusses the extent to which this methodology has enabled the authors to achieve their aims and objectives, focusing on whether one could be confident with the quality of the data provided. It also tackles whether there are any areas in which the methodology could be improved. Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) studied major ions, nutrients, pesticides, etc. in human development-impacted coastal wetland of Huelva Estuary. The hydrodynamics of the area has been modified by previous land use, which led to the division of the ecosystem into a tideland and an artificial freshwater basin. The Huelva Estuary, which is polluted by mine, causes the flooding of the tideland stretch, which occurs twice a day. Acid discharges are also collected in the tidal channel from industrial point sources that play a part in metal enhancement. The tidal situation in Huelva Estuary has an important contribution to the transport of pollutants except for the artificial basin exhibiting cyclic mineralisation pattern. Barba-Brioso et al.’s Methodology The authors initially adopted sampling of the tideland zone in order to take into account the impacts of tidal regimes, in which nine samples were taken for high tide and twelve for low tide. A Zodiac boat was used to access the sampling site. The cyclic freshwater variations were examined by taking water samples of 1-20 cm in lacustrine zone whereby five were collected during winter and three during summer. Additionally, the study collected three samples of running water in summer and five in winter which were taken from open pipes and tributary streams. Field constraints caused an imbalance to the sampling design. The methodology also adopted several specific studies for the reference of general procedures in taking the water samples, which is considered the strength of the methodology since it sought evidence-based practice to utilising the selected procedure. Ion chromatography was also used to determine sulfate, nitrate, and bromide concentrations, amongst others. Critical Analysis of the Methodology The measurement used in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study is rather intricate and highly systematic, as the research itself is objective, quantitative, and is assumed to be statistically valid, as quantitative research must be (Bamberger, 2000; Bower, 2005). The methodology is able to address the primary objective of ascertaining how the concentration of pollutants is influenced by tidal and cyclical regimes in Huelva Estuary. This is demonstrated in the manner by which sampling was chosen, specifically the 9 samples for high tide and twelve for low tide, so that the impacts of tidal regime may be considered. The same was done for the cyclical regimes, in which the same sampling pattern for water was collected. This paved the way to addressing the research objective being mentioned. The adoption of intricate methods for the data in Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study is similar in extent as other studies citing it, such as Zhang et al. (2011) and Guillen et al. (2012). The adoption of the experimental method in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study to examine the research problem is harmonious with its use of basic descriptive statistics of element concentrations and other elements in the wetland. The use of Merck 1000 ppm and bicarbonate determination indicate its pursuit for accurate generation of results relating to water and wastewater examination. The objectivity of the study is also shown in its triplicate measurement of the samples, with the representative value (mean) having achieved specific percentage accuracy. Barba- Brioso and colleagues also cited other authors in their calculation of the instrumental detection limit, which is suggestive of their stance to provide evidence to the relevance and applicability of the method to their study. It only means that the authors wanted to back up their use of such method through other studies utilising the same. Moreover, the objective of detecting anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities was addressed in the study by tackling hydrochemical parameters, amongst others, in basic descriptive statistics organised based on tidal and cyclical conditions that took place at the time when sampling was carried out. This allowed the analysis of the estuarine waters to find slight alkaline content alongside local recording of acidic values at the rim of the tidal channel during low tide periods. The objective of detecting anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities was also addressed by an identification of the wide variation in the mean pH values in the lacustrine wetland, which is higher during winter (8.4) than during summer (7.5). In addition, the methodology used a Piper diagram to plot the hydrochemical data, bearing dissolved prime cations and anions, which then exhibited two major water types in the wetland, specifically sodium chloride sulfate and a mixture of cal cium, magnesium, and sulfate-chloride. The Piper diagram has been used also in other studies depicting similar direction as that of this study, such as in the studies of Adams et al. (2001), Cloutier et al. (2008), and Van den Boogaart and Tolosana-Delgado (2008). The procedure in Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) revealed greater concentrations of nitrate distribution during low tide, which increases in the upstream route as well as detected the highest levels of nitrate and phosphate in small streams. It may thus be inferred that these data emanating from the methodology, enabled Barba- Brioso et al. to address the second objective, which again is to detect anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities. Such objective was also addressed by the methodology’s stance to determine Ca and Mg concentrations through atomic absorption spectroscopy as well as atomic emission spectroscopy to determine K and NA. The application of SPE and HPLC procedures in quantifying all the studied pesticides was also congruent with the objective of identifying the various sources of pollution by apportionment procedures. In the same manner, the methods being carried out alongside this (e.g. use of water and methanol to condition the cartridge, etc.) app arently supported the study’s intention to tackle the objective of identifying anthropogenic inputs through hydrochemical irregularities. Furthermore, to determine trace elements, the methodology used measurements of iron elevated contents at the convergence of the Tinto River and the Tidal channel. Citing the methodology In the study of Guillen et al. (2012), the authors did not use the same methods as Barba-Brioso et al. (2010) in their (Guillen et al., 2012) attempt to find out trace elements’ mobility through the modified BCR sequential extraction method. Rather, atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy were utilised by Barba- Brioso et al. (2010). Mass spectroscopy with plasma of inductive couple carried out the analyses of dissolved trace elements in Barba- Brioso and colleagues’ study. The pursuit of the method to derive the expected precision was seen in an attempt to correct for any drift during the analysis through the measurement of certified reference material, thereby producing the range of a specific mean precision for all the analyses and a particular detection limit optimisation for all the trace elements being analysed.The apportionment methods also allowed different potentially toxic elements to be distributed on a closely parallel manner with the pattern of major cations and anions, in which a declining upstream trend was depicted during both high and low tides. The method used enabled the study to determine the sources of pollution in the Domingo Rubio wetland in Tideland area and overall wetland. The manner of data collection was highly scientific and accuracy-specific, as the study intended to investigate the major ions and trace elements as well as the pesticide distribution in the coastal wetland. The passing of the replicates of water sample through the equivalent cartridges at a specific flow rate was also indicative of an aim to ascertain pesticide distribution, which was linked to an objective of identifying the various sources of pollution in Domingo Rubio. It may also be observed that the analytical methods concerning anions and nutrients in which Merck 1000 ppm and Standard Methods were used to examine water and wastewater were parallel to the objectives of determining hydrochemical anomalies and various sources of pollution in the wetland. It may therefore be claimed that the extent to which the methodology has enabled the investigators to meet the stated aims and objectives is sufficient enough. Further, the quality of the data being provided was something to be confident about. The authors enumerated the analytical methods and procedures one by one, strongly focusing on the details of these procedures, including the elements being examined. They also used a table on which to organise the data, clear enough for the reader to understand them. The high confidence level of the data being presented is indicative of how they were analysed in the results section, in which the parameters of water quality were summarised and compared, alongside the samples’ chemical composition. In this regard, the study is able to pinpoint that the tidal channel is characterised by slight alkaline content, describing its pH mean values during low tide and high tide, and that there is the presence of acidic values at the rim of the tidal channel during low tide. This specific analysis was enabled by the kind of data being gathered and the manner through which to analyse them. In addition, the methodology paved the way for the result to conclude that the water samples being examined were oxidising. Similarly, it was able to point out that the most acidic water had the higher Eh values, leading to a deviation from the common pattern demonstrated by the dominant waters in the wetland. The results also revealed the existence of the effect of tidal interaction through the way the data were used to examine the gradual decline of the electrical conductivity in the upstream route. The data also allowed identifying the period when the maximum value was recorded. The study’s depiction of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the draining streams across the agricultural areas is parallel to its objective to find out the influence of tidal and cyclical conditions on the concentrations of pollutants. An interesting point to mention is the fact that Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study was cited by Haarstad et al. (2011) in their investigation of pollutants in natural wetla nds and the latter also used the experimental design, enabling the authors to identify the pesticides found and identify toxic heavy metals. An experimental design – with a different statistical approach – was also utilised in Barba-Brioso et al.’s (2010) study on the application of the life cycle impact assessment to the Domingo Rubio tidal structure. With the above discussion, it is thereby concluded that there are no more areas in which the methodology could be improved as it was able to cover all the necessary aspects deemed to be achieved by the objectives. Conclusion This paper has been focused on analysing critically the methodology adopted in the study of Barba-Brioso et al. (2010), which is about water pollution from multiple sources in the Huelva Estuary. This work is able to pinpoint the extent to which the methodology has allowed the aims and objectives to be addressed in their entirety. Sampling for both high tide and low tide was utilised in Barba-Brioso et al.’s study to consider the impacts of tidal regimes, in which water samples were taken during winter and summer. A highly systematic and intricate methodology was adopted, considering that the study itself was quantitative where objectivity and statistical validity were highly considered. The study’s adoption of the experimental method is consistent with the use of basic descriptive statistics that allowed examining the concentrations of elements in the wetland. It also utilised hydrochemical parameters, amongst others, as a way to contribute to addressing its objective to identify hydrochemical irregularities. With the study’s identification of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the draining streams, it likewise tackled the objective of recognising the influence of tidal and cyclical conditions on the concentrations of pollutants. The conclusion thus generated is that the methodology was able to cover all areas and that there were none left to be improved because of this. References Adams, S., Titus, R., Pietersen, K., Tredoux, G., and Harris, C. (2001) Hyrdochemical characteristics of aquifers near Sutherland in the Western Karoo, South Africa. Journal of Hydrology, 241 (1-2), 91-103. Bamberger, M. (2000) Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Development Projects. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Barba-Brioso, C., Fernandez-Caliani, J. C., Miras, A., Cornejo, J., and Galan, E. (2010) Multi-source water pollution in a highly anthrropized wetland system associated with the estuary of Huelva (SW Spain). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(1), 1259-1269. Barba-Brioso, C., Quaranta, G., Galan, E., Fernandez, J. C., and Miras, A. (2010) The life cycle impact assessment applied to the Domingo Rubio tidal system by the study of seasonal variations of the aquatic eutrophication potential. Science of the Total Environment, 408 (23), 5897-5902. Bower, M. (2005) Psychoanalytic Theory for Social Work Practice: Thinking under Fire. East Sussex: Psychology Press. Cloutier, V., Lefebve, R., Therrien, R., and Savard, M. M. (2008) Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data as indicative of the hyrochemical evolution of groundwater in a sedimentary rock aquifer system. Journal of Hydrology, 353 (3-4), 294-313. Guillen, M. T., Delgado, J., Albanese, S., Nieto, J. M., Lima, A., and De Vivo, B. (2012) Heavy metals fractionation and multivariate statistical techniques to evaluate the environmental risk in soils of Huelva Township (SW Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 119-120 (1), 32-43. Haarstad, K., Bavor, H. J., and Maehlum, T. (2011) Organic and metallic pollutants in water treatment and natural wetlands: A review. Water Science & Technology, 65 (1), 76-99. Van den Boogaart . K. G. and Tolosana-Delgado, R. (2008) Compositions: A unified R package to analyze compositional data. Computers & Geosciences, 34 (4), 320-338.

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